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Re: ANTHRO-L Digest - 10 Jul 1996 to 11 Jul 1996
greg (bones@SIU.EDU)
Fri, 12 Jul 1996 15:03:45 -0500
This letter has showed me only one thing: you people have way too much time
on your hands. It's only e-mail for crying-out-loud!
At 12:03 AM 7/12/96 -0400, you wrote:
>There are 14 messages totalling 587 lines in this issue.
>
>Topics of the day:
>
> 1. mutilation and ritual (8)
> 2. Moving to Vancouver
> 3. Hairy chests sign of intelligence
> 4. Interdisciplinary Campus Design
> 5. !?!
> 6. Mutilation and Ritual
> 7. Big Reply 7
>
>----------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>Date: Wed, 10 Jul 1996 22:02:41 -0700
>From: mike shupp <ms44278@HUEY.CSUN.EDU>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>On Sun, 7 Jul 1996, Beth E. Kaminow wrote:
>
>> I guess I've ranted a tad but I just love thinking about this subject...
>> _Beth
>
>
> And I don't.
>
> Not meaning it as an attack, but as an observation. As a subject
> of pressing personal interest, I find tattooing and piercing as
> thrilling and absorbing as say fingernail clipping. Whereas you
> and a large number of others "love thinking about it." Which
> seems to boil down to love talking about it.
>
> Whatever the hell is going on here, "thinking" isn't it, I
> conclude. The American culture is changing, and tattoing is
> part of our future, for better or for worse, because enough
> people want it to be. Well, okay, I suppose it's no worse
> than bell bottom trousers, Elvis imitators, and those gold
> chains everyone had to have on their necks in the 70's.
>
> But, sheesh! Isn't there a world out there full of Serious
> Stuff to think about?
>
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> ms44278@huey.csun.edu
> Mike Shupp
> California State University, Northridge
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 15:25:46 +0900
>From: Naoko Matsumoto <naokolth@MBOX.NC.KYUSHU-U.AC.JP>
>Subject: Moving to Vancouver
>
>Hello all,
>
>Please excuse me for sending such a mail here.
>I am going to go to Vancouver at the end of August as a visiting scholar of
UBC,
>and I'd like to get information about renting a room, living expenses,
>e-mail servers,
>and so on in Vancouver, Canada.
>I would be very grateful if someone could kindly help me for it.
>I can also feel reassured if I could know someone who lives in Vancouver
>beforehand.
>I am a doctorate student majoring archaeology in Kyushu University, Japan.
>Please send me a mail if you feel inclined to help me.
>
>Thank you very much.
>
>Naoko Matsumoto <naokolth@mbox.nc.kyushu-u.ac.jp>
>Dept. of Archaeology
>Faculty of Letter
>Kyushu University
>Japan
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 08:30:16 -0500
>From: Nedra Sue Davis <ndavis@VARUNA.ENG.LSU.EDU>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>On Jul 10, 10:02pm, mike shupp wrote:
>> Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>> On Sun, 7 Jul 1996, Beth E. Kaminow wrote:
>>
>> > I guess I've ranted a tad but I just love thinking about this subject...
>> > _Beth
>>
>>
>> And I don't.
>>
>> Not meaning it as an attack, but as an observation. As a subject
>> of pressing personal interest, I find tattooing and piercing as
>> thrilling and absorbing as say fingernail clipping. Whereas you
>> and a large number of others "love thinking about it." Which
>> seems to boil down to love talking about it.
>>
>> Whatever the hell is going on here, "thinking" isn't it, I
>> conclude. The American culture is changing, and tattoing is
>> part of our future, for better or for worse, because enough
>> people want it to be. Well, okay, I suppose it's no worse
>> than bell bottom trousers, Elvis imitators, and those gold
>> chains everyone had to have on their necks in the 70's.
>>
>> But, sheesh! Isn't there a world out there full of Serious
>> Stuff to think about?
>>
>>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>> ms44278@huey.csun.edu
>> Mike Shupp
>> California State University, Northridge
>>-- End of excerpt from mike shupp
>
>Mike - Not meaning it as an attack but as an observation: I'm not sure if you
>have looked at your department's homepage, so here it is:
>
>Welcome to the CSUN Anthropology Department Homepage.
>
>What is Anthropology?
>
>Anthropology is the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time.
>Anthropology involves the study of people, their origins, biological variations
>and characteristics, their languages and *cultural patterns*, their social
>structures and institutions, and their adaptation to their environment.
>Anthropologists strive to create useful generalizations about people and their
>behavior in hopes of bringing about the fullest possible understanding of human
>diversity.
>
>Anthropology is unique among the social sciences because of its comprehensive
>scope, unique methods, and particular focus on people from non-Western
>societies. Due to its wide range of subject matter, anthropologists specialize
>in one of four major subfields:
>
>Sociocultural Anthropology
>
>Sociocultural anthropology is the study of the cultures of living people or the
>ways of life in contemporary societies.
>
>Mike - Researching Body Modification is an important part of Sociocultural
>Anth. How we represent ourselves to public perception is an important part of
>socialization. You might want to check out Irving Goffman's book on stigma, or
>Robert Plant Armstrong's book on affecting presence. Anthropology should be
>open to any cultural happening. It seems that "thinking about things" is what
>academics is about. BTW - What is Serious Stuff?
>
>nedra
>Louisiana State University
>ndavis@varuna.eng.lsu.edu
>
>--
>Nedra Sue Davis PHONE: 504-388-6027
>3414 CEBA
>BATON ROUGE,LA 70803
>ndavis@varuna.eng.lsu.edu
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 10:41:02 -0400
>From: Adrienne Dearmas <DearmasA@AOL.COM>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>In a message dated 96-07-09 14:54:55 EDT, abaron@STU.ATHABASCAU.CA (Arthur L.
>Baron) writes:
>
>> However, I'm not yet prepared to commit to the permanence of the group by
>> marking my body to display an abstract allegiance.
>
>I think throughout time there have been those who were felt the same.
>However, I'm not sure options were available to circumvent the process
>(within those cultures that body mutilations are mandatory). I know that
>until women in countries that practice fgm have an alternative lifestyle
>(education, employment) to turn to, fgm will persist.
>
>At one point there was a discussion about optional mutilation - choice. I'd
>like to bring up the issue of child mutilations as opposed to adult.
>Footbinding, cranial deformation, non-ritual circumcision, fgm, are all
>examples of practices which were (are) performed on children. Footbinding and
>cranial deformation must be done to the body as it grows. Now, rather than a
>human rights issue, I see this as an expansion of the definition of self -
>i.e. the group as self and making sure that the child is inducted properly
>into the group with an identifying physical characteristic. Any thoughts?
>
>>
>> Is the process of tattoo more Zen-like than the final product ... is it an
>> ongoing process?
>
>Yes, but then not all tattoos are final products. They grow in size and
>meaning and the process of it becoming a part of you and your body is
>somewhat Zen-like, I think.
>
>- Adrienne
>>
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 10:39:24 -0400
>From: Adrienne Dearmas <DearmasA@AOL.COM>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>In a message dated 96-07-10 01:30:13 EDT, rs219@IDIR.NET (Robert Snower)
>writes:
>
>> Here you are saying, far from its being inappropriate to generalize about
>> individuals and their personal reasons, such variations are not
>intriguing,
>> since they have no pattern or reason, and it is the cross-cultural
>> generalization that all cultures mutilate that you are interested in.
>>
>> I want to take it a step further. I don't think the cross-cultural
>analysis
>> will get us to a satisfying explanation of tattooing, or of mutilating. I
>> think it is necessary to go cross-generational. It is intriguing that
>> tattooing and mutilating are widespread, culturally, and it is even more
>> intriguing that they are cross-generational. For the time dimension
>allows
>> us to ascribe a far greater significance to these phenomena than if we
>limit
>> ourselves to the present. The contemporary perspective is really not very
>> substantive, is it? That prisoners, or the military, find solace in
>> tattooing is not very substantive dimension of our society. Nor that the
>> sub-culture indulges. Unless you believe the sub-culture is a nascent
>trend
>> that is about to take over. I am not of that persuasion.
>
>I almost want to say that comparing contemporary tattooing of prisoners as a
>subculture of American culture and Maoris of the past who tattooed is like
>apples and oranges. Now I'll admit I am in over my head here, but I'm going
>to try and muddle. Time has not stood still and the circumstances which
>affected Maoris then are not the same that affect Americans now. Perhaps if
>we put every culture or subculture on a timeline of their own in terms of
>development, we might see a trend. An engineer friend of mine wants to put my
>research onto a 3D timeline which looks at the practice, where it occurs,
>what the population numbers were/are, how long it lasted/lasts. I think that
>the culture practicing the particular form of body mutilation has to be
>examined at the time it is being done (if in the past, then as best as
>possible based on oral history, primary source accounts, etc). Then each of
>these cases can be compared and analyzed against each other. I realize this
>is contradictory to what I first said. I sometimes wonder if a
>Euroamericancentric bias prompts us to glorify "native" cultures and devalue
>American "sub" cultures. Y'all are certainly giving me lots to think about!
>>
>> That your cross-cultural analysis needs bolstering from the past is
>> indicated by another intriguing feature. Why is it generally true that so
>> many of these phenomena are found not only in so many cultures, but that
>> they are ALL found is in so many cultures? Thus, tattooing, circumcision,
>> totemism, dietary taboos, menstrual taboos, mutilation, veneration of the
>> dead, fear of ghosts--they are all usually represented. This variety
>needs
>> a theoretical unification. A lot of people have thought the way to get
>at
>> this problem is by a way of a reference to the past: to primeval
>situations
>> which revealed both the unity in these disparate parts, and the intensely
>> significant social role they played. These people would include not only
>> Harrison and Frazer, but Weston, Cornford, Gilbert Murray, Freud, Jung,
>and
>> most of all, Shapiro, in terms of sociobiology. Of Freud, one might note
>> that he started out by referring everything to the infantile source, and
>> ended up talking about "the infantile recurrence of totemism."
>
>There is no question that examining past practices is intrinsic to this
>research and I apologize if I have created the impression that I was
>excluding the past. Not so at all. I just think that tattooing today in
>Americna subcultures may be just as vaild to the people who do it as the
>tattoos of the Maoris 200 years ago. Maybe the fact that everyone had them
>(Maoris), made them less meaningful.
>
>> This kind of thinking renders you, the military, prisoners, and the
>> sub-culture anthropologically important not for the differences in the
>> personal reasons each participates in tattooing, but because each is
>> reenacting in his own way, in his own day, in his own cultural role, a
>> critically important stage of social evolution, and thereby providing us
>> with a clue to and a confirmation of its nature.
>
>I agree with you here (except that I don't believe the social evolution is
>restricted to the individual reenaction but is more like a movement which
>individuals particpate in which evolves into a something that is looked back
>upon as social evolution) and you've reminded me of a point I wanted to make.
>In the last 2-5 years, a very gradual shift has occurred in the piercing
>community. Labretifery! Mostly confined to the ears so far, piercers have
>taken to stretching the holes in their ears to accomodate larger and larger
>gauge studs. This makes me wonder if labretifery as it is practiced in South
>America and parts of Africa are vestiges of a cyclical phenomenon which began
>who-knows-when with piercing and will we see labretifery become a prescence
>in this industrial, far removed from nature culture we call American which
>already accepts ear piercing in both sexes?
>>
>- Adrienne
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 10:41:25 -0400
>From: Adrienne Dearmas <DearmasA@AOL.COM>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>In a message dated 96-07-11 01:08:35 EDT, ms44278@HUEY.CSUN.EDU (mike shupp)
>writes:
>
>> Whatever the hell is going on here, "thinking" isn't it, I
>> conclude. The American culture is changing, and tattoing is
>> part of our future, for better or for worse, because enough
>> people want it to be. Well, okay, I suppose it's no worse
>> than bell bottom trousers, Elvis imitators, and those gold
>> chains everyone had to have on their necks in the 70's.
>>
> > But, sheesh! Isn't there a world out there full of Serious
>> Stuff to think about?
>>
>Wow, Mike. I though I had mentioned that I had been conducting research on
>this topic for over ten years, had a book contract, did my MA thesis on it
>and was excited that for once, anthropologists were willing to discuss this
>as a Serious Stuff. I assume there are many people on this list who feel as
>you do, and they have chosen not to particpate in the discussion, but did not
>insult those of us who do consider what we are discussing as thinking. I
>think your post is insulting and extremely narrow minded. This too is meant
>as an observation and not an attack.
>
>- Adrienne
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 11:39:11 -0400
>From: Ronald Kephart <rkephart@OSPREY.UNF.EDU>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>In message <960711104054_153639875@emout15.mail.aol.com> writes:
>
>> Wow, Mike. I though I had mentioned that I had been conducting research on
>> this topic for over ten years, had a book contract, did my MA thesis on it
>> and was excited that for once, anthropologists were willing to discuss this
>> as a Serious Stuff. I assume there are many people on this list who feel as
>> you do, and they have chosen not to particpate in the discussion, but did not
>> insult those of us who do consider what we are discussing as thinking. I
>> think your post is insulting and extremely narrow minded. This too is meant
>> as an observation and not an attack.
>
>Adrienne,
>
>This is definitely Serious Stuff. Speaking for myself, my lack of
participation
>(until now!) in this thread says nothing about the Seriousness thereof. Any
>symbolic behavior on the part of humans is worthy of anthropological study.
>
>
>Ronald Kephart
>Dept of Language & Literature
>University of North Florida
>Jacksonville, FL USA 32224-2645
>Phone: (904) 646-2580
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 16:08:00 -0700
>From: John Pastore <bwplacar@CANCUN.RCE.COM.MX>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>Adrienne Dearmas wrote:
>>
>> In a message dated 96-07-11 01:08:35 EDT, ms44278@HUEY.CSUN.EDU (mike shupp)
>> writes:
>>
>> > Whatever the hell is going on here, "thinking" isn't it, I
>> > conclude.
>
>
>One of the biggest problems in science today is the biggest absurdity that
exists: what
>some scientists, often entrenched in influential positions, consider
absurd, and worse,
>the extent some will go to stifle (though I know that not to be Mike's
intent)what they
>consider absurd.
>
>I have found the subject both valid and appealing for, basically, two reasons:
>
>First, it shows a long-awaited objective for anthropology, which is to
start expanding
>anthropological studies to include more modern, and, possibly, more
consequential,
>cultural entities.
>
>Perhaps Mike would have thought the subject valid if it pertained itself
only to
>pre-primitive-moderns for example.
>
>Second, the subject, I believe, has generated one of the best written posts
of the
>summer, Holly Swyers piece on her informal observations.
>
>Well, that's my 10 cents.
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 16:22:34 MDT
>From: "Arthur L. Baron" <abaron@STU.ATHABASCAU.CA>
>Subject: Re: mutilation and ritual
>
>> At one point there was a discussion about optional mutilation - choice. I'd
>> like to bring up the issue of child mutilations as opposed to adult.
>> Footbinding, cranial deformation, non-ritual circumcision, fgm, are all
>> examples of practices which were (are) performed on children. Footbinding and
>> cranial deformation must be done to the body as it grows. Now, rather than a
>> human rights issue, I see this as an expansion of the definition of self -
>> i.e. the group as self and making sure that the child is inducted properly
>> into the group with an identifying physical characteristic. Any thoughts?
>>
>> - Adrienne
>> >
>>
>
>More Zen: The Inmates - When you first realize that you are surrounded by
>crazy people, it may seem frightening. In a civilization of outpatients,
>insanity can be viewed as the only defense. The planet Earth is your asylum;
>take the opportunity to explore and enjoy your own craziness.
>
>
>Anthropology sees insanity as being culturally defined. If a person is
>marginalized from the dominant culture what advice would an anthropologist
>give? Perhaps - find a culture that supports your belief system. If such a
>culture doesn't exist, then join/start a sub-culture. Anthropologists,
>according to Pirsig, found that schizophrenia is strongest among those whose
>ties with the cultural traditions are weakest: drug users, intellectuals,
>immigrants, students in their first year of college, soldiers recently
>inducted.
>
>I don't disagree with what you say. Groups of all sizes and influences
>certainly do seek inductees, though I often confuse induction with dogma. What
>is the real difference between the physical deformations like cranial shaping
>and psyche tattoos, the subtle and not so subtle symbols we view everyday?
>Can't the same message get imparted? The group as self is a good description of
>the illusion the bourgeois has of free will and choice.
>
>arthur baron
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 20:53:44 -0700
>From: John Pastore <bwplacar@CANCUN.RCE.COM.MX>
>Subject: Hairy chests sign of intelligence
>
>Can't help but pass this one. From today's Mercury News:
>
>
>>
>> Hairy-chested men fed up with being written off as all brawn and no
>> brains had the last laugh Thursday when a U.S. psychiatrist said
>> that body hair was in fact a sign of greater intelligence. Research
>> in the United States showed 45 percent of male university students
>> had more than the average amount of body hair compared to less than
>> 10 percent of the male population. For the full story see
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 19:04:37 -0700
>From: Bob Scarfo <scarfo@WSU.EDU>
>Subject: Interdisciplinary Campus Design
>
>Interdisciplinary teaching, learning, research, and service to the
>community, that is the premise for a design studio project that looks at
>the master planning of a new urban campus in Spokane, Washington. If anyone
>can suggest people, organizations, or readings that might help my students
>and I to better understand, what I chose to call, the interdisciplinary
>geography of education, I would appreciate your help.
>I am a landscape architecture professor with Washing State University's
>Interdisciplinary Design Institute (IDI) in Spokane. The architecture,
>interior design, landscape architecture, and construction management senior
>students come to Spokane for their senior year from the main campus in
>Pullman. In interdisciplinary teams they work on actual projects drawn from
>around the city. The IDI is currently housed in the second building of what
>will become a 40+ acre campus set along the Spokane River. We have thus far
>begun working on projects that involve public health, criminal justice, and
>medical research as applied to the health of the public at the neighborhood
>scale.
>Our associations with nondesign professions, and the application of our work
>to the benefit of the city's residents, has brought a unique request for my
>students and I to apply the concept of interdisciplinary education to the
>development of the new campus's master plan: the interior spaces, the
>structures organization and layout, and the over all landscape planning. The
>campus is primarily a graduate research school that services the public and
>a spectrum of medical and other professional disciplines.
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 21:19:09 -0700
>From: John Pastore <bwplacar@CANCUN.RCE.COM.MX>
>Subject: !?!
>
>Whoops, here's another one, again from Mercury News:
>
>> A cat who may have been within a whisker of choking to death on his
>> flea collar managed to call 911 for help from police. Tipper tried
>> to slip his flea collar off while he was alone at home Wednesday.
>> But the nine-month-old black and white cat only managed to work part
>> of it into his mouth and began to choke. Tipper was able to knock a
>> home telephone off its hook. He then stepped on the speed-dial
>> button that his owner, Gail Curtis, had programmed to dial the 911
>> emergency number. Deputy Joe Bamford raced to Curtis' mobile home,
>> found the cat on the floor and performed the emergency collar
>> extraction. For the full story see
>
>Maybe this cat should see that psychologist?
>
>Smart enough to dial 911, after being dumb enough to swallow a flea
>collar! Maybe it was a less than hairy-chested male cat.
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 21:55:03 -0500
>From: Robert Snower <rs219@IDIR.NET>
>Subject: Re: Mutilation and Ritual
>
>At 10:39 AM 7/11/96 -0400, Adrienne Dearmas wrote:
>>In a message dated 96-07-10 01:30:13 EDT, rs219@IDIR.NET (Robert Snower)
>>writes:
>>>A lot of people have thought the way to get at this problem is by way of a
>reference >>to the past: to primeval situations which revealed both the
>unity in these disparate >>parts, and the intensely significant social role
>they played. These people would >>include not only Harrison and Frazer but
>Weston, Cornford, Gilbert Murray, Freud, >>Jung, and most of all Shapiro, in
>terms of sociobiology. Of Freud, one might note >>that he started out by
>referring everything to the infantile source, and ended up >>talking about
>"the infantile recurrence of totemism."
>
>Adrienne says:
>
>>I almost want to say that comparing contemporary tattooing of prisoners as a
>>subculture of American culture and Maoris of the past who tattooed is like
>>apples and oranges. Now I'll admit I am in over my head here, but I'm going
>>>research and I apologize if I have created the impression that I was
>>excluding the past. Not so at all. I just think that tattooing today in
>>Americna subcultures may be just as vaild to the people who do it as the
>>tattoos of the Maoris 200 years ago. Maybe the fact that everyone had them
>>(Maoris), made them less meaningful.
>
>I say:
>
>We have entirely different time frames in mind. My Harrison quote referred
>to tattooing which was taking place some 3000 years ago. The "totemic
>system" she was alluding to was a conjecture of what may have prevailed
>perhaps 30,000 years ago. She is saying, and Freud and Shapiro are saying,
>that the "primeval situations which revealed both the unity and intensely
>significant social role" of mutilations, etc. are older still. They were
>necessary components in the creation of society among a species which was
>not biologically adapted to socialization. Back to basics: evolution is
>driven by sexual competition. This is the method of Natural Selection.
>Nothing else. On the other hand, sexually driven competition is anathema to
>socialization, rendering it literally impossible, in the absence of
>controlling factors, because it renders the cooperation essential to
>division and specialization of labor impossible. Mammals are not very
>social creatures (Wilson), but, except for Homo sapiens, at least they have
>the biological control of a seasonal mating which leaves them uninterested
>for much of the time. Not Homo sapiens. Yet Homo sapiens succeeded in a
>degree of socialization which, in differentiation and specialization of
>labor, is rivaled only by some insects. How? Not the biological way the
>insects managed it, but by cultural devices. Mutilation was, on the
>evidence--which you are collecting, and others have collected--a component
>of this cultural trauma, and trauma it undoubtedly was, leaving many
>vestiges today, and yesterday, e.g., Catherine of Siena practised asceticism
>since the age of seven, and dedicated her virginity to Christ. Her
>betrothal was confirmed, she wrote, "not with a ring of silver but with a
>ring of his holy flesh, for when he was circumcized just such a ring was
>taken from his holy body.". . . "his eyes, his ears, his beard ran with
>blood; his jaw distended, his mouth open, his tongue swollen with blood; his
>jaw distended, his mouth open, his tongue swollen with blood. His stomach
>was pulled in so that it touched his spine as if he had no more intestines."
>Catherine . . . hardly ever spoke of . . . her bridegroom without mentioning
>blood. . . . Sangue was in every sentence; sangue and dolce (blood and
>sweet) were her favorite words. (Tuchman 1978)
>
>R. Snower rs219@idir.net
>
>------------------------------
>
>Date: Thu, 11 Jul 1996 20:58:46 -0700
>From: mike shupp <ms44278@HUEY.CSUN.EDU>
>Subject: Re: Big Reply 7
>
>On Tue, 9 Jul 1996, Clyde Davenport wrote:
>
>> Francis Bacon (1561-1626) states that the underlying
>> purpose of experimentation is "natura vexata," to annoy
>> or vex nature so that it reveals its secrets. He also directly
>> compares the role of the experimentor to the role of the
>> inquisitor who tortures his victims....
>
>> The question here is in evaluating Bacon's role in the
>> development of science. How influential was he? Also
>> to what extent did others share his view of the nature
>> of experimentation.
>
> Hard to say. Bacon's ideas about scientific method were dogma in
>high school science texts of the 1950's. I don't know about today.
>
> From observation, working scientists are not much interested in
>philosophy, at least on a day to day basis. Einstein and Percy Bridgeman
>and Schroedinger, etc., are pretty rare beasts.
> The argument has been made, though, that Bacon had enormous
>influence, because most educated people after 1700 or so thought that
>Isaac Newton had developed his theory of gravity through Baconian
>induction. And that David Hume's assault on unnamed believers in
>induction in his ESSAY had to be delicately worded because he was
>attacking a pair of English icons.
>
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> ms44278@huey.csun.edu
> Mike Shupp
> California State University, Northridge
>
>------------------------------
>
>End of ANTHRO-L Digest - 10 Jul 1996 to 11 Jul 1996
>***************************************************
>
|