walled cities

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I wouldn't rush to the conclusion that walled cities automatically represent
communities engaged in war. Walled cities not only keep people out, but also
may be designed to keep people in (a consciously organized form of
circumscription). Certainly, this was the case in Mesopotamia (although
communities were also involved in warfare). Unfree groups were required to B
wear or recieved particular markings which allowed them to be identified.
Particularly in early states, when the coercive apparatus was generally
quite weak, forcing people behind walls appears to have been a successful
means of domination. Allen Zagarell/WMU

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